Diabetes & Associated Complications

http://youtu.be/DpdlJ79ACCo

Diabetes (E10–E14, 250)
Types of diabetes	Prediabetes  Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance Conventional insulinotherapy Type 1 LADA Type 2 KPD MODY NDM  Transient Permanent Glossary of diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy: Gestational diabetes
Blood tests	Blood sugar Glycosylated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Fructosamine
Diabetes management	Diabetic diet Anti-diabetic drugs  Oral anti-diabetic drugs and insulin analogs Insulin therapy  Intensive insulinotherapy Pulsatile insulin Cure  Embryonic stem cells Gastric bypass surgery Artificial pancreas
Complications/prognosis	Diabetic comas  Diabetic hypoglycemia Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state Diabetic angiopathy Diabetic foot  ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Diabetic myonecrosis Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Diabetic dermadrome  Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Neuropathic ulcer
Other	Hypoglycemia/Hyperglycemia
M: END anat/phys/devp/horm noco (d)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon proc, drug (A10/H1/H2/H3/H5)

diabetes and the body

http://youtu.be/jHRfDTqPzj4

insulin resistance

These depend on poorly understood variations in individual biology and consequently may not be found with all people diagnosed with insulin resistance.

1. Brain fogginess and inability to focus.
2. High blood sugar.
3. Intestinal bloating – most intestinal gas is produced from carbohydrates in the diet, mostly those that humans cannot digest and absorb.
4. Sleepiness, especially after meals.
5. Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight – for most people, excess weight is from high fat storage; the fat in IR is generally stored in and around abdominal organs in both males and females. It is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance.
6. Increased blood triglyceride levels.
7. Increased blood pressure. Many people with hypertension are either diabetic or pre-diabetic and have elevated insulin levels due to insulin resistance. One of insulin's effects is to control arterial wall tension throughout the body.
8. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with cardiovascular disease.
9. Depression. Due to the deranged metabolism resulting from insulin resistance, psychological effects, including depression, are not uncommon.
10. Acanthosis nigricans.
11. Increased hunger.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_resistance

• Particular physiological conditions and environmental factors:
• > 40–45 years of age;^[5][6]
• obesity;^[5][6]
• your body storing fat predominantly in the abdomen, as opposed to storing it in hips and thighs.^[6]
• sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical exercise^[5][6]
• hypertension;^[5]
• high triglyceride level (Hypertriglyceridemia);^[5]
• low level of "good cholesterol";^[5]
• pre-diabetes, your sugar levels in blood have been too high in the past, i.e. your body has previously shown slight problems with its production and usage of insulin ("previous evidence of impaired glucose homeostasis");^[5][6]
• having developed gestational diabetes during past pregnancies;^[5][6]
• giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (a bit over 4 kilograms)^[5][6]

The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss. Low-glycemic load diet has also been shown to help.^[73] Bothmetformin and the thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance, but are only approved therapies for type 2 diabetes, not insulin resistance. By contrast, growth hormone replacement therapy may be associated with increased insulin resistance.^[74]

Metformin has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance, and currently a newer drug, exenatide(marketed as Byetta), is being used. Exenatide has not been approved in the UK except for use in diabetics, but often improves insulin resistance in healthy individuals by the same mechanism as it does in diabetics

Endocrinology

 the branch of physiology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology^[1][2][3]and comparative endocrinology.

The endocrine system consists of several glands, all in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Therefore, endocrine glands are regarded as ductless glands. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.

Anatomy of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland	Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell  Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies
Thyroid	Follicular cell Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid gland	Chief cell Oxyphil cell
Adrenal gland	Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell
Gonads	Testicle  Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary  Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum
Islets of pancreas	Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell
Pineal gland	Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea
Other	Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia  Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions

hide v t e Diseases of the endocrine system (E00–E35, 240–259)
Pancreas/ glucose metabolism	Hypofunction Diabetes mellitus types:  type 1 type 2 gestational MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications  coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor (Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome) Insulin resistance Hyperfunction Hypoglycemia beta cell (Hyperinsulinism) G cell (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)
Hypothalamic/ pituitary axes	Hypothalamus gonadotropin  Kallmann syndrome Adiposogenital dystrophy CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency) vasopressin(Neurogenic diabetes insipidus) general (Hypothalamic hamartoma) Pituitary Hyperpituitarism anterior  Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior (SIADH) general(Nelson's syndrome) Hypopituitarism anterior  Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH/hCG insensitivity posterior (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus) general  Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism  Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Myxedema coma Euthyroid sick syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia  Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves' disease Thyroid storm Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute  De Quervain's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune/chronic  Hashimoto's Postpartum Riedel's Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica Adrenal Hyperfunction aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism  Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol: Cushing's syndrome (Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome) sex hormones: 21α CAH 11β CAH Hypofunction/ Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's, WF) aldosterone: Hypoaldosteronism  21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol: CAH  Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones: 17α CAH Gonads ovarian: Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure testicular: enzymatic  5α-reductase deficiency 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency aromatase excess syndrome Androgen receptor (Androgen insensitivity syndrome) general: Hypogonadism (Delayed puberty) Hypergonadism  Precocious puberty Hypoandrogenism Hypoestrogenism Hyperandrogenism Hyperestrogenism Postorgasmic illness syndrome
Height	Dwarfism/Short stature  Midget Laron syndrome Psychosocial Ateliosis Gigantism
Multiple	Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple  APS1 APS2 Carcinoid syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia  1 2A 2B Progeria  Werner syndrome Acrogeria Metageria Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome